Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD symptoms typically begin in childhood and may persist into adulthood, although the presentation may change over time.

There are several types of personality disorders, which are often grouped into three clusters based on their characteristics:

Types of ADHD

ADHD is divided into three presentations based on the primary symptoms:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:

  • Difficulty sustaining attention.

  • Frequently makes careless mistakes.

  • Often seems not to listen when spoken to.

  • Trouble organizing tasks and activities.

  • Often loses things necessary for tasks (e.g., keys, school supplies).

  • Easily distracted and forgetful in daily activities.

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:

  • Fidgeting or tapping hands/feet.

  • Difficulty staying seated in situations where it's expected.

  • Feeling restless or acting as if "driven by a motor."

  • Talking excessively.

  • Blurting out answers or interrupting others.

  • Difficulty waiting for their turn.

Combined Presentation:

  • A combination of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it likely involves a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. Common risk factors include:

  • Family history of ADHD or other mental health conditions.

  • Brain differences in areas related to attention and impulse control.

  • Premature birth or low birth weight.

  • Exposure to toxins during pregnancy, such as lead or alcohol.

Diagnosis

ADHD is diagnosed by a healthcare professional based on criteria outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). The symptoms must:

  • Be present for at least six months.

  • Be inappropriate for the individual's developmental level.

  • Cause significant impairment in at least two settings (e.g., school, work, home).

Treatment

Effective ADHD treatment often involves a combination of approaches:

  • Behavioral Therapy

  • Medication

  • Lifestyle Adjustments

  • Educational Support